Approach to Hyponatremia – Stepwise Clinical Evaluation & Management

Approach to Hyponatremia begins with understanding that it is defined as serum sodium level less than 135 mEq/L. It is one of the most common electrolyte abnormalities encountered in clinical practice and can present with mild symptoms or life-threatening Acute neurological complications.Classification

Classification

Serum Sodium Levels

  • Mild: 130–134 mEq/L
  • Moderate: 125–129 mEq/L
  • Severe: <125 mEq/L

Stepwise Approach to Hyponatremia

Step 1: Check Serum Osmolality

  • Hypotonic hyponatremia (most common)
  • Isotonic hyponatremia (pseudohyponatremia)
  • Hypertonic hyponatremia (e.g., hyperglycemia)

Step 2: Assess Volume Status

  • Hypovolemic
  • Euvolemic
  • Hypervolemic

Step 3: Urine Sodium & Urine Osmolality

  • Urine sodium <20 → Extrarenal loss
  • Urine sodium >40 → Renal loss or SIADH

Causes Based on Volume Status

Hypovolemic

  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Diuretics

Euvolemic

  • SIADH
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Adrenal insufficiency

Hypervolemic

  • Heart failure
  • Liver cirrhosis
  • Nephrotic syndrome

Clinical Features

  • Nausea
  • Headache
  • Confusion
  • Seizures
  • Coma

Management Overview

Acute Symptomatic

  • 3% hypertonic saline
  • Correct slowly (avoid central pontine myelinolysis)

Chronic

  • Fluid restriction
  • Treat underlying cause

Clinical Gold Points

  • Rapid correction → Osmotic demyelination syndrome
  • SIADH → Euvolemic hyponatremia
  • Always calculate corrected sodium in hyperglycemia

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